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Information of the population and employees of Temelín NPP on evacuation in case of a radiation emergency
RYBÁK, Tomáš
The aim of the thesis was to compare the awareness of employees of the Temelín nuclear power plant and the general public about evacuation in the event of a radiation emergency. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was carried out. Questionnaires were distributed and filled out using an internet tool for creating questionnaires at survio.com stands. The theoretical part of the work is focused on the Temelín nuclear power plant, its geographical location and technical description. The work is also focused on the radiation safety of nuclear power plants, their workers and residents against radiation. In the theoretical part, selected accidents of the Jaslovské Bohunice, Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear power plants are further described. For the purposes of the practical part, the same questionnaire was created for the employees of the Temelín nuclear power plant and the general public. The questionnaire is composed of 34 questions. The first 4 questions serve to divide the respondents, and the remaining questions determine the awareness of the respondents about evacuation in the event of a radiation emergency. A total of 100 respondents took part in the survey - 50 employees of the Temelín nuclear power plant (50%) and 50 respondents from the general public (50%). The survey results were evaluated using the internet tool survio.com and the Microsoft Excel software program. The aim of the thesis was to compare the awareness of the general public and employees of the Temelín nuclear power plant about evacuation in the event of a radiation emergency. From the questionnaire survey, it is evident that the level of awareness of the employees of the Temelín nuclear power plant reaches 86%, and the general public only 68%. The result shows that employees are better and more informed than the lay public. Based on this investigation, I would recommend informing the public more about evacuation options in the event of a radiation emergency.
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Comparison of knowledge of laymen and experts about anthropogenic emergencies within the operation of NPP Temelín
ŠPLÍCHAL, Vojtěch
Awareness of an emergency within a nuclear power plant is important for the safety of plant workers and the civilian population. This thesis is a report of applied quantitative research meeting the global objective and three sub-objectives. The global objective within the thesis (the development of the civil protection with the description of the gradual development of nuclear power plants with the use for peaceful purposes, the description of the risks, radiation emergencies and measures for the civil protection that are associated with the operation of nuclear power plants.) has been fulfilled within the theoretical part. Within the global objective of the research, a questionnaire with the basic parameters of the initial theory (civil protection theory) and selected operational parameters from the field of nuclear power plants operation was developed. Furthermore, three sub-objectives were generated related to the confirmation of hypotheses H1, H2 and H3. H1: The empirical distribution of the knowledge of the general public about anthropogenic emergencies within the operation of Temelín NPP is close to a normal distribution. H2: The empirical distribution of the knowledge of the professional public about anthropogenic emergencies within the operation of Temelín NPP is far from the normal distribution. H3: The knowledge of the general and expert public about anthropogenic emergencies within the operation of Temelín NPP is different at the chosen level of statistical significance. The hypotheses H1 and H2 were tested using mathematical and descriptive statistics. The verification of hypothesis H3 was performed using mathematical analysis methods. The global objective was met using the methods of systems analysis. To meet and confirm the sub-objectives, one dimensional and two dimensional statistical analysis methods were used. The theoretical contributions of this thesis are the confirmation of the applicability of one dimensional and two dimensional statistical analyses in conjunction with the research variables "Knowledge of the general public", "Knowledge of the professional public" and "Types of theoretical distributions". The practical contribution is the normality of knowledge in the general public and the distance from normality in the professional public. The assumption of a distance from normality for the expert public was confirmed, but it is questionable whether experts should score higher with regard to the regularity of training for personnel entering the controlled area and vital areas within the Temelín NPP operation. For follow-up work, the observed distance from normality in the expert community could be the basis for further investigation along with the analysis of individual questions of the questionnaire. This could, for example, lead to a more optimal structuring of the training of the workers (professional public) on the identified areas.
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Příprava náhrady souboru ochran řady SPACOM za terminály RELION řady 650 nebo 670 na jaderné elektrárně Temelín
DOUBRAVA, Jan
The thesis deals with the replacement of SPACOM protective system with new RELION series terminals. SPACOM protection sets have been discontinued and the manufacturer is discontinuing their support (i.e. discontinuation of deliveries of complete devices from warehouses and discontinuation of repairs and spare parts), which means that it is necessary to replace these protection sets with available devices. I have chosen RELION terminals from the same manufacturer as a possible replacement. These have a number of advantages over the now obsolete SPACOM protectors. The main advantage is the much larger range of protection functions available and the free programmability of these functions as well as the binary inputs and outputs. Other advantages are the possibility of complete control of a given outlet directly from the terminal, the recording of changes in inputs, outputs and states of protection functions, the recording of analogue and state values during faults on the power equipment, the permanent measurement of power analogue and state values during faults on the power equipment, the permanent measurement of power analogue values and time synchronisation and the transfer of all information to a higher-level control or information system, in our case to the NEMES system, where this information is archived and can be traced back. The terminal also performs a check wether the on and off paths, are closed which provides a better overview of the status and readiness of the switch. A significant advantage is also the considerable reduction of the number of other devices (power, auxiliary, time and special relays, transmitters, etc.) and thus the reduction of their possible failures. The theoretical part deals with the description of individual sets of protectors and terminals, their protective and other functions and their use. In the practical part, the desing of the logic of new terminals for use in the actual replacement is elaborated. In the final part of the thesis the pros and cons of each set of protections and terminals is summarized and a suitable option for the replacement of SPACOM protection sets is recommended. Here, the functional characteristics of the terminals is taken into account as well as the operational requirements and the economic aspect. The aim of this work is to prepare the basis for the replacement of the protections at the nuclear plant, which is necessary from the point of view of further long term operation. Furthermore, it can help in the preparation of both the tender and the implementation documentation, and it can also help to prepare for the replacement itself, which due to the outage schedule, is always essentially limited in time.
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The readiness of chosen kindergartens in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant
HÁJKOVÁ, Lucie
The thesis is based on the assessment of the readiness of staff in selected kindergartens in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. Kindergartens associate a large number of young children who are dependent on the help of adults. Even in the event of a radiation accident, children will not be able to take care of themselves and will clearly be dependent on the help of teachers. For this reason the readiness of staff of this type of school facility in the emergency planning zone should not be underestimated. The aim of the thesis was to analyze the knowledge of staff in selected kindergartens (Dříteň, Zliv, Albrechtice nad Vltavou, Neznašov) in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. For this purpose was established a hypothesis: "The knowledge of the staff of selected kindergartens in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant will be higher than 60 %." To achieve the set goal and to verify the hypothesis a questionnaire survey was conducted using a developed questionnaire. The questionnaire contained 19 questions, and total 55 respondents took part in the questionnaire. Then were the results evaluated using methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The hypothesis was confirmed that the knowledge of the staff of selected kindergartens is higher than 60 %. The arithmetic average of staff knowledge in selected kindergartens in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant was 61.47 %. I consider the current state of knowledge of staff in selected kindergartens to be sufficient, but the results showed insufficient knowledge in the areas of improvised body protection and iodine prophylaxis.
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Post-fukushima precautions from the perspective of the fire department of Temelin Nuclear power plant
MLSEK, Jiří
The aim of the thesis is to find out what impact the new measures have on the management of a severe accident from the point of view of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant Fire and Rescue Service and their knowledge. All findings are based on the study of literature, electronic sources, internal documents, training materials of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, laws and decrees. The theoretical part of this bachelor thesis describes the accident and the nature of the nuclear power plant. In the thesis you can find a description of the Temelín nuclear power plant itself, its history from its beginning to the present. Furthermore, I have described the principle of electricity production or preparedness for handling a severe accident. For this reason, the thesis mentions the emergency preparedness of the power plant and the procedures to reduce the consequences on the population The Fire brigade is an important aspect of this thesis. It is described in more detail here, from the distribution of personnel to the technology available to the Fire Department. For the purposes of the research, in the practical part of the bachelor thesis, a questionnaire was sent to the members of the fire brigade of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. Based on the analysis of the anonymous responses from the questionnaire, it appears that the employees of the Temelín NPP fire department have a sufficient amount of knowledge to be able to handle or reduce the consequences of a severe accident such as the Fukushima event.
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Technicko-ekonomická studie blokových transformátorů VVER1000
TIMKO, Jan
The bachelor thesis will deal with the concrete faulty and abnormal conditions of unit transformers of the main production unit VVER1000 experienced by practice, for example, the inter-turn short circuit in the transformer with subsequent deformation of the container, ruptured dry riser pipework of stable fire-fighting equipment (SFFE), the failure of indication of air pressure drop for SFFE and its false activations. The last mentioned topic will discuss the high temperature of the second unit of the unit transformer. In these conditions, it will cope with causes, why the transformers in such situations failed and how these faulty conditions were resolved. They will also explore the possibilities of prevention and protection measures before the occurence of other disorders of the same type and how it is possible to predict these disorders. Along with the analysis of failures will be explored Multitrans monitoring equipment and its operation in practice. The theoretical part will concern the technological mapping of functional units of Temelin Nuclear Power Plant including the main production unit VVER1000, describing the unit transformers and other related equipment. Then, there will be theoretically described the protection of disorders of the aforementioned unit transformers, automation and regular activities of staff serving for safe operation. Finally, the work will deal with optimization of the unit transformers, statistical comparison of the current and proposed state of this facility, incentives to reduce equipment failure rates and improve the overall reliability in operation. The aim of this thesis will be to highlight the possibility of improvement of existing equipment in order to more thoroughly avoid further failures in the future, which happened to block transformers in the past, and to increase the service life not only of transformers, but of all other related elements that together work as a whole. The next aspect of this thesis will be to draw up significant faults and problems to the single document, which can in the future serve as a feedback for solutions to problems that may occur during the next long-term operation of transformers and not only in power stations.
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Emergency housing catlee in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant.
VACÍK, Slavomír Ladislav
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of emergency housing of cattle in the emergency planning zone of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. 20 farmers, each keeping at least 50 bovine animals, were selected in the area of interest. The cattle were chosen as the reference species of livestock because it was the largest category of livestock kept in the stable and pasture. The research was carried out in the form of a structured questionnaire, which was sent to the individual respondents after this was agreed by phone. It should answer the question whether the emergency housing of cattle in the emergency planning zone of Temelín Nuclear Power Station is sufficiently secured. The results show that emergency housing is not the priority of farmers, because only 55% of the respondents sent back completed questionnaires. Most of them, i.e. 64%, bred cattle in stable and grazing, 27% in stable only and 9% were exclusively grazing. In addition to grazing, preserved fodder (silage, haylage, hay) are mainly used for feeding and water from underground sources and from a water supply network for watering where all these sources can be protected against radioactive fallout. It was also found that electricity was used for watering. Upon its failure, except for two cases, no emergency power supply were available. Electric fences around the pastures were not equipped with emergency power supply, except for two respondents. Alarm Plan of Veterinary Measures (within the frame of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant's external emergency plan) requires feeding and watering for 3 days during the absence of the cattlemen. This requirement cannot be fulfilled due to the limited capacity of mangers in the stables. The results of the research show that it is not possible to carry out the hermetization of buildings according to the requirement of the above mentioned plan because they cannot be sealed with respect to their open construction. These results can be used to modify the alarm plan of veterinary measures, which should further be provided to the agricultural public.
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Awareness on issues of protection of the population, depending on the emergency planning zone.
KOCOUREK, Filip
The goal of this bachelor thesis was to evaluate pupils and students knowledge of the recommended behaviour in case of emergency with extra emphasis on radiation accidents. The research compares the differences in knowledge of young people depending on Temelín Nuclear Power Plant's emergency planning zone. The research used questionnaires which were filled by pupils and students of elementary schools, vocational schools, and grammar schools within and outside of the emergency planning zone. The schools were randomly selected using Microsoft Excel. The theoretical part focuses on contemporary state of knowledge in the field and includes foreign textbooks (from Germany, Bulgaria, USA, Canada and France). These textbooks can be found in thesis attachment.This part also introduces Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, its characteristics, geography and demography. It also describes principles of emergency preparedness, related legislation and protective equipment. The second part of the thesis is based on research. The researcher created a unique questionnaire which contained 32 closed questions divided into eight thematic parts. These parts focused on general aspects of awareness, warnings, evacuation, sheltering, iodine prophylaxis, improvised protection, contamination and decontamination. The questionnaire used Paper and Pen Interviewing method. There was total of 213 respondents, 121 (57 %) of them were women and 92 (43 %) men. The results were processed and evaluated using Microsoft Excel. The first goal of the thesis was to "Evaluate pupils and students knowledge of the recommended behaviour in case of emergency with extra emphasis on radiation accidents". In order to achieve this goal, hypothesis nr. 1 was formulated: "The pupils' and students' knowledge of the recommended behaviour in case of emergency with extra emphasis on radiation accidents does not reach 75 % success rate". The executed survey shows that the pupils and students reached 56 % success rate which is below established 75 % rate of the hypothesis. Hypothesis was therefore confirmed. The second goal of the thesis was to "Assess any possible differences of knowledge between pupils and students living within Temelín Nuclear Power Plant's zone of emergency planning and outside of it". For this goal, second hypothesis was formulated: "The knowledge is not dependable on the zone of emergency planning". To test this hypothesis Pearson's chi-squared test was used. The statistics proved that there is no difference in pupils and students knowledge that would be dependable on the zone of emergency planning.
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Changing the access to ensuring fire protection at The Temelin Nuclear Power Station after the accident at The Fukusima Nuclear Power Station.
KŘÍŽEK, Luboš
The theme of the dissertation is a change in an approach to securing fire protection in the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant after the accident in the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. The theoretical part is an introduction to fire protection. It especially points out the statutory obligations applicable for both the public and the private sector, which are transferred to the companys fire rescue corps too. At the same time, fire protection is interconnected with legislation and specified in greater detail in EU countries. The theoretical part describes the process of building a uniform information system, safety-related issues and prevention of dangerous situations. The theoretical part summarizes the history of the nuclear energy industry, from the discovery of the disintegration of the uranium nucleus in 1938 and the first controlled reaction of uranium liberation by splitting a nucleus in 1942, when, at the same time, the first reactor was built. Unfortunately, this discovery did not only familiarize mankind with positive aspects associated with a controlled reaction, but it also showed the dark side of nuclear energy in the form of atomic bombs used mainly in the course of the World War II. After the World War II, civil defence organizations were gradually founded in the world. The main goal of all these organizations was to prevent nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel from being spread. At the present time there are three strong international organizations dealing with nuclear fission. Despite all the efforts to build a system of radiation protection, environmental protection and impacts on living organisms were not elaborated fully. First, passive attitudes aimed at protective equipment were the central theme, and these passive attitudes have been reflecting in an active approach to environmental protection in the past few years, the goal being to eliminate phenomena giving rise to threats to the environment and life as such. The actual history of nuclear power plants is very complex and complicated. The principle of all these power plants, no matter what type of reactor their operation is based on, is always nuclear fission the trouble is that in this case any wrong handling or storage has immense consequences for the whole world's population. The development of the nuclear energy industry in the Czech Republic was slow, which was caused by the occupation of the Jáchymov uranium mines by the Soviet Army after the World War II. Based on an agreement with Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Army exported the uranium extracted to the Soviet Union and left just 10% of it in the territory of Czechoslovakia. At that time, nuclear power plants began to be built in Czechoslovakia, such as the Jaslovské Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant, Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant and the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant as the last one, whose construction was started in times of Czechoslovakia, but which was completed and put into operation in times of the existence of the Czech Republic. The research is focused on emergency events which were the cause of the accident in the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. Based on an FMEA (failure mode and effects analysis), the issues related to the activities of the company's fire rescue corps were specified. Another analysis is focused on the evaluation of outside and inside factors and evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the company's fire rescue corps. Utilizing an FMEA, possible risks and failures are detected. The goal of this analysis is to eliminate risks and increase safety. The result is objective evaluation and increase in safety within the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. A considerable negative aspect of this analysis is that it is very time consuming and varies in time due to the changeability of the factors monitored. The result of all the work is the evaluation of the existing state of the company's fire rescue corps through a SWOT analysiS.
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